Power to change everything.
Say hello to a Mac that is extreme in every way. With the greatest performance, expansion, and configurability yet, it is a system created to let a wide range of professionals push the limits of what is possible.
All-New Design
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Function defines form. Every aspect of Mac Pro is designed in pursuit of performance. Built around a stainless steel space frame, an aluminum housing lifts off, allowing 360-degree access to every component and vast configuration. From there anything is possible.
Processor and Memory
Up to 28 cores of power. Create without constraint.Mac Pro is designed for pros who need the ultimate in CPU performance. From production rendering to playing hundreds of virtual instruments to simulating an iOS app on multiple devices at once, it’s exceedingly capable. At the heart of the system is a new Intel Xeon processor with up to 28 cores — the most ever in a Mac. In addition, large L2 and shared L3 caches and 64 PCI Express lanes provide massive bandwidth in and out of the processor.
Engineered to go all out. All the time.
Squeezing every possible ounce of performance out of the processor means giving it a lot of power. In this case, over 300 watts. A massive heat sink keeps the system cool, enabling it to run fully unconstrained. Heat pipes direct hot air away from the chip, dispersing it along aluminum fin stacks. While three impeller fans move air through the system.
Forget everything you know about memory.
A multicore workstation processor needs lots of memory to feed it. Featuring six channels of superfast ECC memory and 12 physical DIMM slots, the new Mac Pro allows for up to 1.5TB of memory. So pros working with large projects, analyzing huge data sets, or running multiple pro applications can make fast work out of all kinds of work. And while typical towers cram memory into hard-to-reach places, Mac Pro utilizes a two-sided logic board, making it easy to access.
Up to 2933MHz DDR4 ECC memory Visual studio for mac unity.
Up to 140GB/s memory bandwidth
Six-channel memory system
28-core Mac Pro
2.7x
18-core iMac Pro
Previous-generation 12-core Mac Pro (baseline)
28-core Mac Pro
3.7x
18-core iMac Pro
Previous-generation 12-core Mac Pro (baseline)
28-core Mac Pro
2.2x
18-core iMac Pro
Previous-generation 12-core Mac Pro (baseline)
28-core Mac Pro
3.3x
18-core iMac Pro
Previous-generation 12-core Mac Pro (baseline)
Expansion
Eight PCI Express expansion slots. Go configure.Mac Pro is designed for pros who need to build high-bandwidth capabilities into their systems. With four double-wide slots, three single-wide slots, and one half-length slot preconfigured with the Apple I/O card, it has twice as many slots as the previous Mac tower. Now you can customize and expand in ways never before possible in a single workstation.
Graphics
Extreme performance. By design.For many pros, a high-performance graphics architecture is critical to their workflows. Especially for tasks like animating 3D film assets, compositing 8K scenes, and building lifelike gaming environments. To give them the highest possible performance and take graphics capabilities to a new level, something groundbreaking was required. Introducing the Mac Pro Expansion Module, or MPX Module.
A second connector. An industry first.
The MPX Module starts with an industry-standard PCI Express connector. Then, for the first time in a graphics card, additional PCIe lanes were created to integrate Thunderbolt and provide increased capability. With up to 500 watts, the MPX Module has power capacity equivalent to that of the entire previous-generation Mac Pro.
Radeon Pro Vega IIUp to 14 teraflops compute performance
Radeon Pro Vega II Duo. Power plus power.
With up to 14 teraflops of compute performance, 32GB of memory, and 1TB/s of memory bandwidth, the MPX Module with Radeon Pro Vega II is a powerhouse. For more power, two Radeon Pro Vega II GPUs combine to create the Vega II Duo. With double the graphics performance, memory, and memory bandwidth, it’s the world’s most powerful graphics card. The two GPUs are connected through the Infinity Fabric Link, which allows data transfer up to 5x faster between the GPUs. It’s huge for apps that are optimized for multiple GPUs.
The world’s most powerful graphics card. Times two.
Taking power one huge step further, the new Mac Pro supports configuration of two Radeon Pro Vega II Duo MPX Modules. The four GPUs combine to add up to 56 teraflops and 128GB of high-bandwidth memory. It’s a massive amount of performance built to tackle everything from GPU rendering to machine learning to particle simulations.
Cool. Quiet. Capable.
Most GPUs aren’t conceived as part of an overall system, so they require their own cooling. The MPX Module is designed as an integrated component of Mac Pro. Its form factor enables a larger heat sink, which works in concert with the machine’s internal airflow to quietly dissipate heat. Without a noisy bolted-on fan, heat and decibel levels are kept remarkably low.
The world’s most powerful graphics card, optimal for demanding multi-GPU pro applications.
Two MPX Modules – four GPUs
One MPX Module – two GPUs
Workstation-class graphics ideal for demanding pro applications like video editing, 3D content creation, and photo retouching.
Two MPX Modules – two GPUs
Fs Studio For Pc
One MPX Module – one GPU
Great all-around performance for non-GPU-intensive applications.
One MPX Module – one GPU
Mac Pro Dual Radeon Pro Vega II Duo
iMac Pro Radeon Pro Vega 64X (Baseline)
Mac Pro Dual Radeon Pro Vega II with Infinity Fabric Link
1.5x
iMac Pro Radeon Pro Vega 64X
Previous-generation Mac Pro Dual FirePro D700 (Baseline)
Mac Pro Dual Radeon Pro Vega II with Infinity Fabric Link
3x
Free Studio For Mac
iMac Pro Radeon Pro Vega 64X
Previous-generation Mac Pro Dual FirePro D700 (Baseline)
Video Editing
Introducing Apple Afterburner. Blaze through 8K video.Created to transform the workflow for film and video professionals, Afterburner allows you to go straight from camera to timeline and work natively with 4K and even 8K files from the start. No more time-consuming transcoding, storage overhead, or errors during output. Proxy workflows, RIP.
Cut to even more creativity.
Afterburner is a hardware accelerator card built with an FPGA, or programmable ASIC. With over a million logic cells, it can process up to 6.3 billion pixels per second and is capable of handling up to three streams of 8K ProRes RAW or 12 streams of 4K ProRes RAW. This means you can free up your cores to enable even more creative effects and processing.
Up to 3 streams of 8K ProRes RAW video at 30 fps8
Up to 12 streams of 4K ProRes RAW video at 30 fps
Up to 16 streams of 4K ProRes 422 video at 30 fps
Security and Storage
Security taken to new heights.Mac Pro is the most secure tower we’ve ever built. A Secure Enclave coprocessor provides the foundation for encrypted storage and secure boot capabilities. So you can worry less about protecting your work, code, and intellectual property. And focus more on doing your best thinking.
Apple T2 Security Chip.
Data on Mac Pro is protected by the Apple T2 Security Chip. It integrates discrete processors into a single chip. It also ensures that the lowest levels of software aren’t tampered with and that only operating system software trusted by Apple loads at startup.
Up to 4TB storage.
To deliver the fastest possible performance, Mac Pro is built on an all-flash storage architecture. It starts with a 256GB SSD and is configurable to a 1TB, 2TB, or 4TB SSD — all encrypted by the T2 chip.
High-Speed Connections
Powerful I/O at hand.Mac Pro has extremely high-performance I/O, and lots of it. It begins with four Thunderbolt 3 ports, two USB-A ports, and two 10Gb Ethernet ports. And with every MPX Module you add you get more capability. Connect up to 12 4K displays or up to six Pro Display XDRs from Apple and see your work with over 120 million pixels. It’s now easy to expand at will.
Rear expansion.
With up to 12 Thunderbolt 3 ports, Mac Pro doesn’t just have room for more ports than any Mac, it integrates them elegantly with each new module added.
Top case.
Two convenient ports on the top allow quick and easy connections to your Thunderbolt 3–compatible devices.
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Active4 months ago
So I know what the following registers and their uses are supposed to be:
- CS = Code Segment (used for IP)
- DS = Data Segment (used for MOV)
- ES = Destination Segment (used for MOVS, etc.)
- SS = Stack Segment (used for SP) https://cleverstick268.weebly.com/how-to-make-simple-application-for-visual-studio-mac.html.
But what are the following registers intended to be used for?
- FS = 'File Segment'?
- GS = ???
Note: I'm not asking about any particular operating system -- I'm asking about what they were intended to be used for by the CPU, if anything.
MehrdadMehrdad133k9696 gold badges428428 silver badges769769 bronze badges
4 Answers
There is what they were intended for, and what they are used for by Windows and Linux.
The original intention behind the segment registers was to allow a program to access many different (large) segments of memory that were intended to be independent and part of a persistent virtual store. The idea was taken from the 1966 Multics operating system, that treated files as simply addressable memory segments. No BS 'Open file, write record, close file', just 'Store this value into that virtual data segment' with dirty page flushing.
Our current 2010 operating systems are a giant step backwards, which is why they are called 'Eunuchs'. You can only address your process space's single segment, giving a so-called 'flat (IMHO dull) address space'. The segment registers on the x86-32 machine can still be used for real segment registers, but nobody has bothered (Andy Grove, former Intel president, had a rather famous public fit last century when he figured out after all those Intel engineers spent energy and his money to implement this feature, that nobody was going to use it. Go, Andy!)
AMD in going to 64 bits decided they didn't care if they eliminated Multics as a choice (that's the charitable interpretation; the uncharitable one is they were clueless about Multics) and so disabled the general capability of segment registers in 64 bit mode. There was still a need for threads to access thread local store, and each thread needed a a pointer .. somewhere in the immediately accessible thread state (e.g, in the registers) .. to thread local store. Since Windows and Linux both used FSand GS (thanks Nick for the clarification) for this purpose in the 32 bit version, AMD decided to let the 64 bit segment registers (GS and FS) be used essentially only for this purpose (I think you can make them point anywhere in your process space; dunno if the application code can load them or not). Intel in their panic to not lose market share to AMD on 64 bits, and Andy being retired, decided to just copy AMD's scheme.
It would have been architecturally prettier IMHO to make each thread's memory map have an absolute virtual address (e.g, 0-FFF say) that was its thread local storage (no [segment] register pointer needed!); I did this in an 8 bit OS back in the 1970s and it was extremely handy, like having another big stack of registers to work in.
So, the segment registers are now kind of like your appendix. They serve a vestigial purpose. To our collective loss.
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Ira BaxterIra Baxter82.5k1111 gold badges137137 silver badges281281 bronze badges
The registers
JohanFS
and GS
are segment registers. They have no processor-defined purpose, but instead are given purpose by the OS's running them. In Windows 64-bit the GS
register is used to point to operating system defined structures. FS
and GS
are commonly used by OS kernels to access thread-specific memory. In windows, the GS
register is used to manage thread-specific memory. The linux kernel uses GS
to access cpu-specific memory.62.2k1919 gold badges154154 silver badges266266 bronze badges
cytinuscytinus2,92977 gold badges2828 silver badges4343 bronze badges
FS is used to point to the thread information block (TIB) on windows processes .
one typical example is (SEH) which store a pointer to a callback function in
FS:[0x00]
.GS is commonly used as a pointer to a thread local storage (TLS) . and one example that you might have seen before is the stack canary protection (stackguard) , in gcc you might see something like this :
zerocoolzerocool1,71111 gold badge1212 silver badges2626 bronze badges
According to the Intel Manual, in 64-bit mode these registers are intended to be used as additional base registers in some linear address calculations. I pulled this from section 3.7.4.1 (pg. 86 in the 4 volume set). Usually when the CPU is in this mode, linear address is the same as effective address, because segmentation is often not used in this mode.
So in this flat address space, FS & GS play role in addressing not just local data but certain operating system data structures(pg 2793, section 3.2.4) thus these registers were intended to be used by the operating system, however those particular designers determine.
There is some interesting trickery when using overrides in both 32 & 64-bit modes but this involves privileged software.
From the perspective of 'original intentions,' that's tough to say other than they are just extra registers. When the CPU is in real address mode, this is like the processor is running as a high speed 8086 and these registers have to be explicitly accessed by a program. For the sake of true 8086 emulation you'd run the CPU in virtual-8086 mode and these registers would not be used.
Robert HoughtonRobert Houghton